The imperialism of free trade: British

Imperialism of free trade was a term created by J. Gallagher and R. Robinson. This interpretation has remained unchallenged. They concentrated on the mid-victorian and that the British showed themselves willing to apply it. British governments were ready to establish and keep British paramountcy by whatever means suited the circumstances. The only thing that they didn't want was to enter political conflicts. For example, British was much interested in south america or in Mexico but it could not afford to trade with them because it knew that it would have felt obliged to intervene and restore order in order to create a stable government. British protected its interest very much. in order to trade, it will make contracts with the country it was interested in and guarranty them weapons or provide them with assistance for the rebellious colonies but sometimes their offers were refused, that it is what happened with Castlereagh who was the king of latin America in the 1800's.

Britain's imperialism of trade

Galagher and Robinson’s article is mostly about how the British managed their economy. The writers make it obvious that the brithish colonies were what helped Britain gain it’s power weher they admit it or not. Also we go into the issue of imperialis, which means extending policies to rule the british colonies. Many of Britain became divided at times into “imperialism and anti-imperialism”. The british people were in favor of imperialism when it’s advantageous and non-imperialism when it’s convien to be. However, their was a problem with imperialism some people argued that it only applied “to the period after 1880”. This because the  the Victorians at the time were changing brithish culture into something  unorthodox. This too lead to another separation “mid-Victorian 'indifference' and late-Victorian 'enthusiasm'. These periods according to the author were related to the rise and fall of free trade. These were the  “imperialism and anti-imperialism” times based on how well the colonies are benefiting them. Yet it seemed to everyone that british trade was tighning. So we see Britain benefiting from “laissez-faire period India” where opium and salt are taxed by the Britain.

After this the british moves to dominate south America, recking hevock in many nations there, their policies on these countries were controversial but they just kept going. But because of their questionable success in argentina and brazil we see the britsh “ economies had become sufficiently dependent on foreign trade”. Because of this dependence the britsh wanted whatever they could get and in their quest they tried china but failed since that could not lend them new customers and they “failed to break down Chinese economic self-sufficiency”. The british said that their interest In china was commercial but that doesn’t explain why after rebellions and the opium wars they still tried to control the Chinese trade.

The british then seem to concentrate on their trade ports in west Africa and even after the creation of the treaty of free trade and friendship, british’s African colonies remain it’s most important during the times of imperialism.

The Imperialism of free trade: Some Reservation

Gallagher and Robinson explain the expansion of britishes' imperiaslism overseas. Britishes have established a security, around their trade and investment, called paramountcy, for their free trade. Many critics come from this expression ''imperialism of free trade'' because earlier free traders were anti-imperialist. In fact, to achieve their goal of free trade, britishes' trade was led by a politic of Laissez-faire. It was an injuction against all interference of the government in the commercial issue. Britishes' government took what action they could to open markets and to keep those markets open; they extend their responsibilities beyond the extrem required to guarantee the free play of the market or the normal interaction of supply and demand. Furthermore, the target for britishes' imperialism of free trade which was the latin America, refused their proposition of territorial acquisition. Gallagher and robinson show that in the end of their fight for free trade, the non-intervention in foreign affairs and Laissez-faire were their characteristic attitudes.

Battle of Ideas

why was Lenin against the global economy?

Battle of ideas

Does any of the plans of the battle of ideas made by Keynes and Hayek still applied today? If yes, Why is there an economic crisis?

Is Yoruba from Africa ?

Yoruba is African ethnic Because:

-Today it is mostly practiced in Africa
-The word Yoruba comes from Africa
-The concept of there religion is typically African( Sacrifice, god)

Yoruba is not African ethnic because:

-The nationalism or ethnicism of african is possible thanks to their slavery in american continent
-The country where they are mostly found is an english country.

is the yoruba religion african

yes
the name yoruba is african
religion they follow is african
they have gods in the religion like river gods that are very similar to greek mythology format and african mythogy
sacrifice chickens
african fetishes

NO
african concept in the new world
would never have existed in africa if they hadn't gone to the new world
catholic features

Is yoruba African?

Reasons for yes: culture

- the language itself is African

-Expressions used are Africans

-mariage occurs differently from americans

-beliefs in fetishes as a culture

-people carry african names

-The " YORUBA" name is african

Reasons for no: culture

- Some words are in english taken from americans

-followed catholic features

Yoruba culture

Yoruba is an ethnicity in west Africa. Stephan Palmie asks us whether Samuel Johnson is a yoruba or not? because he was born in Sierra leaone and later became a yoruba. well, i believe that he is still a sierra leonian even though he followed a yoruba culture. Those yorubas were slaves taken from Africa to America. so the question asked is if whether those slaves were yorubas before moving to America. i believe yes, because the culture seems African and they didn't start to follow it when they were taken as slaves. I dont even believe that those people are yorubas because it seems that they were given the name judging the way they looked, for example, that's what happened with Samuel Johnson. So, following the history closely we find out that, questions about ethnicities arouse on whether they should be following that culture or are they following it because they were told to?

yoruba

Stephan Palmie's work on the globalization of yoruban culture, the adaptation and creation of the word itself takes the reader deeper into the lives of its creators. becoming yoruba seems completely religious and the article talks about the christianization of the nigeria. samuel johnson the pioneer of the word yoruba was not yoruban himself because he was born in sierra leone, and his parents were turned into christians there. he returned to "yorubanland" in 1858 where he wrote a book(45). this place is now known as nigeria, when johnson was alive it had not been named nigeria yet. 

through religion and preaching he is today known as a hero in nigeria.

african history

Bennet writing focus on the relation between african diaspora and the concept of history. Many writer like Hegel said that African diaspora is not a history at all. Because it put in contradiction the real meaning of history. For them only a nation has a history. Unlike hegels assertion, others affirm that the concept of history has been introduced by dominant continent like Europe and they have created their own rule about. So they arrive by their influence and their treatment on african that they create a kind of nationalism to african. By seing the history of the west we notice that african has contributed in part of the totality of her development. Thanks to that it was the west which made Africa but African had made the west history. So in thsi case Africa and the west historyare somehow linked. Europeen have introduice african in the world history thanks to slavery; in a kind of globalization because they tried to civilize them by their culture and send them in all part of the world. They arrived in america and help them in plantation until they manage to have a freedom; a freedom created not by mixing their culture in american culture but by findind their own culture. Historian, at this time, writing obscured the meanings submed under the terms African, slave and black. They had seen ethnicity, race and legal status on African or black. But, finally, we do not have to see slaves perspective as there domination in plantation society but as a idea of universality

consumption and power

sugar has become now so common it is hard to imagine life without it, says mintz (75). in the chapter consumption mintz mentions not only the commonness of sugar in daily life, but also other events such as the famine that struck england and how everyone turned to bread to survive. European families id not have enough money for anything else then bread and then came the plague decreasing the european population even further. but then everything got back to normal around the eighteenth century. the laboring class started using sugar because of the energy it provided and soon everyone was using sugar. Sugar was so common people became ignorant as to how it was made and the workers. the slaves the cut the sugar cane were sometimes displayed in painting wearing there cultural cloth but the truth is they actually worked in rags (78). even worst was joinville's description of where sugar comes from, he said people would cast a net on the nile and in the morning they would find spices of many kinds on them (80).

Sweetness consumption and Power

Before sugar was not know by english, foods were poor of ingrediants. All there food were based on starch substances. And this meagerness of the food qualities were the consequence of there acknowledge of the sugar and others substances. All those substances are very important in a food because they give more flavor to it. With the growth of the population, english diet that was based on quantity started to diminish but with the introduction of sugar and others substances one thing changed: Diets remained meager but the quality was very good. British foods were at that time based only on the quality. In fact, this showed the real power of ingrediants like sugar on the production because even with the meagerness of the production at this time those new substances arrived to stabilized the situation. At this time sugar was considered like a spice-condiment. Moreover they were used not only for foods flavor but also as medecine. Sugar had more attributs in medicine so it was frequently used.
Rapidly the production of sugar has grown in england above all with his implication in their culture. It became a concern and very imperial for the economy because sugar was at this time a moneymaker; the plantation, the slaves workers ,all were about the good trade of this substances.At the same time the politic involved the debates of sugar trade because it become an obligation.The competition bewteen countries in terms of sugar permit the growth of the consumption; at the same time britain were obliged to build a free trade to assured a big quantity of sugar for the popolation. Free trade was at this time a good idea because it permited a growth of the consumption of sugar. Finally sugar has made also active the globalization of foods by the introduction of the free trade and above all like important subsidies for many food in the world.

Sugar

As we can see, nowadays, sugar is the most consumed food around the world. if it is not eaten directly then it is used to make food such as chocolates, it is also used to make drinks. Mintz is trying to understand the reason why human beings consume so much sugar? he says that people eat it because they like sweetness but that is not a clear answer to the question because some people might consume a lot of sugar while others hardly eat it. I'd rather suggest that human beings do not have the same tastes, we can all be created the same way but at the same time having different point of views on things.
People consume sugar at least once per day because it gives a lot of energy. Mintz also tells us that people didn't know about sugar in the past but later knew about it as it became a necessity in the diet of every english person. Arabs were actually producing sugar and selling it to the British.

sweetness and power by mintz

in the beginning mintz discusses the importance of food in our diet not just as a biological need but a social one as well. Mintz explains that through colonization, sugar went from being for the wealthy people of England and into the everyday food of the poor. because more sugar is being consumed now in England they needed more slaves to do the work, so they got slaves from africa and brought them to plantations located in british west indies. even though other countries at this time were also producing sugar like the arabs had different way of producing some sugars, but still no country at the time imported more slaves then britain or consumed more sugar. this also leads to mintz discussion of slavery and brings in Marx's point of view that slavery in the plantations were a form of capitalism. mintz later on states that european plantations were not capitalist  because "the capitalist mode of production" is based on free labor (59). later on scholars started saying that the plantations was taking up the english wealth but mintz said that's not true because it helped britain gain wealth. but he also says that they were people who at the time were convinced they needed sugar to survive so they did all they could to keep the plantation going, mintz called these people capitalists and the slaves proletarians (61).

Sweeteness and Power

Food is the most important and essential thing for human life. The food has always been considered like a symbol of union. During those last centuries he has become a subject of mutuality because it permit to create a link between individuals. It is like Robertson Smith has said :"those who sit at meal at meat together are united for all social effect". So many thinkers refused this idea of social food". But the question of sweetness has entered immediatly into the debate. The sugar represented this ideas of sweetness.Rapidly the sugar dominated all pattern of food. But how? Some research show that sedentary civilisation meal where all composed of carbohydrates constituted of little sugar. All indigenous and foreigns foods were at this time all essentialy composed of this ingredient. But with the discovery of the sugar his use start to be important. The question that the world want to have a response is where come from sugar. It has not find an exact answer but is an asian good. It come from new guinee where portuguese traders bring it around the world,. His production was first controled arab which spread it in there expansion. But with the grow of european industry he has become an fundamental subsidies for their food. Sugar has begun to be eating cristalized; many technics of preparation were built for his consumption. The sugar started to touched societies on all his forms. All the families depend on it. And finally today it involves nation concerns because it became necessary to the nation destiny. Definitively, Sugar has been marked by his globalization by trade around the world; it has made the tour of the country and become today an important product for everybody.

piracy in victorian britain

the article by Kriegal immidiatly starts by citing schwartz declaring the modern world as ' culture of copy', which he also repeats at the end of the article as well (233). the main [point of the article is the fight for a longer copyright for design patterns in victorian britain, so artists can protect themselves against pirates. conservative MP tennent and his allies became the defenders or original, artisan production and property during this time(246). tennent and his allies wanted a copyright law that extended beyond three months so other designers wont steal there work (kriegal 234). but the pirates of this time said that a longer copyright would create a monopoly for the artists but that didn't stop parliament from passing a law extending the copyright from 3 months to 12 months (264). during this time piracy had taken a different form instead of attacking ships there tactic is now looking through windows and using the roller to steal other printers designs. the country with greatest piracy problem was britain where even the united states hired agents to window shop for design (255). the problem that england had with piracy of their prints allowed for other nations to also steal their ideas which lead to today's wordly use of european clothing.

Culture and Copy

Our world is a world of copy. Original and copies pose paradox that Lara don't private himself to talk about . For Lara Kriegel copying has become more common and made original more significant. To maintain the power of original, and separate them from copies, Members of Parliament, merchants, and manufacturers created a stronger copyright in other to stop piracy, an act that had slow print trade since eighteenth century, and encourage original design. The development in industries activities(mechanization) caused the instauration of copying enigme. The improvement of production and the apppearance of differents culture of consumption attract thus the copyright debate. The calico trade was the target at this epoch. Tennent and his allies were prey of criticism like the vulgarisation of their product; passing from royal use to domestic use. The Parliament intervenes by forbiding the use of this fabric for wearing. They come up too with a politic of extension of the production which affect print trader. Later the provincial trade outshoot metropolitan trade by selling outside the countries and inside the countries where some continents like Africa were their markets. But they were treated of pirates in their activities because they inspired from metropolitan production. In the end metropolitan trade received 3 months of protection but asked for more. They struggle during many years giving argument and evidence in other to, at last reach a long protection which could permit them to do freely their job. But they were confront on many obstacle like competition between many countries and their war against piracy.

Culture and the copy

Lara Kriegel is telling us that the copy of culture is actually improving. She is explaining that these new cultures used by people are being originalized from old cultures. We get to realise that piracy was forbidden,as in cultures were not supposed to be copied from the original. Copyright was then created but it wasn't strong until Tennent and his allies came. Tennent and his allies increased the popularity of copyright in order to stop "design piracy", they continued hard to eliminate it. A debate was then held by these people and their opponents. the people who were for copyright argued that its law might encourage original design. on the other side, the opponents argued that copyright tends to change the geography of the trade, its mechanisation, the growth of the retail sector and the process of calico production, calicoes are cheaply printed cottons whose success lay at the heart of the consumer and industrial revolutions. By mid-eighteenth century, women were happy in prints for dresses,shawls,handkerchiefs etc. produced by provincial trade, provincial manufacturers sold similar stuffs only changing colors and being bolder. this copyright system has succeeded because people liked it and benefited from it. Nowadays this copyright is more used than in the past. various things are being made from the original.

Cross-Cultural trade with Portuguese

Curtin talk about the way portuguese trade has risen till his collapse. The revolution in shipping and above all the world winds system throw portugueses in there commerce. They success to travel around all the coast for there trade. They first came a new way of trading which involve more protection. It was a trade very well organized in which the polical authority has brought his help with coercive power where militaries protection his mobilized for the safety of the trade. In fact all this transformations appear because of the desires of monopoly from some religious or ethnics group. As the portuguese empire extend, only the noble make profit from this trade.It was not easy thing for portuguese to extend there commercial empire. There goal was to take control the trade network. For that, they have looked for an strategic point in other to give command along the sea lanes like zimbabwe entrepôt for gold trade and Maluku island for pepper trading. Then to protect there commerce they sold protection to merchant non-portuguese in a form of entrance permit. As a matter of fact the system was unstable. it met corruption applied officials and economic problem in the government where all the taxes paid served the military protection. And some voyages were also dangerous. But the portuguese were not only to seek the sovereignty there was also Asian trade. They response by integrating portuguese population, to belong to their capital or revenue collection, and have their own right to trade. After the asian muslim also take part to this dispute. They were rejected by portuguese who wanted to replace them by others. But the fact is the control an important point of trade for the portuguese. Dutch and english also showed their force against portuguese policies by creating some compagnies of trade. Dutch manage to control some main post an created a genuine monopolyby controlling clove and nutmeg production itself. But there their monopoly was not a financial success. As for the english east india company they focus on spice trade which make them more profit. All these three power ( portuguese, english, dutch) were in competition where everyone can compete effectively. But the plunder system was very expensive for acquiring wealth. Definitely curtin wanted to show us european trade evolution and the implication of all empire who wanted to extend their territory.

cross culture trade in world history by Curtin

the paper is about how Europeans came to dominate world trade. Europeans still have a very important role in trade since more than 90 percent of the world is well acquainted with the European culture. Though, like the Asians who according to Curtin had never fallen behind in trade, even during the bad times like the stagnation during the 18th century brought by the decline of centralized government of the Persian and the Mughal empires( Curtin 157). This decline helped the Europeans in creating what curtin calls the "European Age", where Europe dominated in world trade leading to I think the creation of the east Indian Trade Company ( Curtin 157). This domination also lead to the universal usage of European culture in clothing, language, or other things, we see the influence of their culture everywhere. Moreover, the main groups to look at at this era is the relationship between the Arabs, protégées, Chinese and Japanese. The protégées wanted to cut the Arabs trade from India and Southeast Asia but could not. At the same time china had a law against foreign trades so they were Chinese merchants that bought protégées citizenship papers so they could trade with Fujian and Southeast Asia. Japan on the other hand was involving itself by copying protégées trade ships ( curtin 148).so basically this shows us not only the problems that cross culture trade experienced, but how it helped expend the cultures and empires of some nations especially the European nations.